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Saudi Arabiens historie

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Saudi Arabiens historie

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Bagom det arabiske kongerige

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Siden Saudi Arabiens etablering som et land tilbage i 1902, har landet gennemgået en rivende udvikling. Landets udvikling bærer præg at to afgørende faktorer, navnligt, Olie og Religion. Mange beslutninger og historiske begivenheder er baseret på disse to elementer, og specielt i det senere år, har udviklingen været meget progressiv for Saudiske folkefærd.

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Japan overgav sig til de allierede få dage efter at to atombomber blev smidt over henholdsvis Hiroshima og Nagasaki. Det resulterede i at de også måtte give afkald på deres herredømme over Korea, som de havde haft i 35 år.
Herefter besluttede Sovjetunionen og USA at dele Koreahalvøen i okkupationszoner på den 38. breddegrad. USA ville have indflydelse i syd og Sovjetunionen ville have indflydelse på i nord. Koreanerne var ikke tilhængere af denne løsning, men de havde ingen indflydelse på beslutningen.

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Den 25. juni 1950 krydsede nordkoreanske tropper den 38. breddegrad og borgerkrigen startede.

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Ibn Saud tager kontrol over Riyadh.

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Det Muslimske Broderskab (Ikhwan) bliver grundlagt. DMB er baseret på et strengt Wahabi-sunni islamisk grundlag og giver nødvendig støtte til Ibn Saud.

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Efter faldet af det osmanniske rige, tager Ibn Saud kontrol over Najd og Hijaz, som er der Mekka og Medina tilhører.

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Ibn Saud besejrer et DMB-oprør, mod hans tiltag om at modernisere regionen.

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Ibn Saud slår sine regioner sammen og kalder det samlede rige for Saudi Arabien, og tager tronen og bliver til Kong Abdulaziz.

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Olie bliver fundet og produktionen begynder under det amerikansk kontrolleret selskab, Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company).

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Kong Abdulazis dør og riget bliver overtaget af Kronprinsen Saud.

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Saudi Arabien grundlægger OPEC i Bagdad i fællesskab med andre store oliestater. (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries).

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Kong Saud bliver erstattet af sin bror Faisal.

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Saudi Arabien overtager 20% af olieselskabet Aramco og giver amerikanerne mindre kontrol over saudiarabisk olie.

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Saudi Arabien leder en olieboykot over for vestlige lande der støttede Israel i Yom Kippur krigen mod Egypten og Syrien. Olieprisen firdobler. 

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 Kong Faisal bliver snigmyrdet af sin nevø. Hans bror Khalid overtager tronen.

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Extremister overtager den store moské i Mekka. Staten får kontrollen tilbage 10 dage efter og de skyldige der blev fanget blev dømt til døden.

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Saudi Arabien overtager fuld kontrol over olieselskabet Aramco.

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Saudi Arabien grundlægger GCC i fællesskab med de andre golfstater.

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Kong Khalid dør af et hjertestop. Hans bror, Kronprins Fahd, overtager tronen.

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Kong Fahd tilføjer titlen “Vogter af de To Hellige Moskéer” til sit eget navn.

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Saudi Arabien fordømmer Iraks invasion af Kuwait og beder USA om at gribe ind.

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Saudi Arabien er involveret i begge luftangreb mod Irak og irakiske landtropper, som kæmpede for at frigøre Kuwait.

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Kong Fahd introducerer et basis system til staten, som lægger vægt på lederens pligter og ansvarsområder. Han foreslår at etablere et rådgivende udvalg (Majlis al-Shura).

 

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Det rådgivende udvalg bliver introduceret. Det består af en formand og 60 kongevalgte medlemmer.

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Den islamiske afviger, Osama Bin Laden får frataget sit saudiarabiske statsborgerskab.

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Kong Fahd hæver antal medlemmer i det rådgivende udvalg fra 60 til 90.

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20 saudiarabiske kvinder deltager for første gang i en session med det rådgivende udvalg.

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11. September – 15 af 19 flykaprere involveret i angreb mod New York og Washington er saudiarabiske statsborgere.

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Staten opretter ID-kort til kvinder for første gang.

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Ny straffelov inkluderer forbud mod tortur og mistænktes ret til juridisk repræsentation, men overtrædelser fortsætter.

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Politiet bryder sammen en hidtil uset demonstration i centrum af Riyadh, hvor man opfordrer til politisk reform, en måned efter mere end 300 saudiske intellektuelle – kvinder såvel som mænd – underskriver en forespørgsel, der opfordrer til forandring.

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Kongen giver det rådgivende råd mere magt og de kan nu foreslå ny lovgivning uden hans tilladelse.

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Panik skaber en trampe-ulykke ved at en Hajj i Mekka og slår 251 pilgrimme ihjel.

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Februar til april – For første gang er der kommunalvalg i hele landet. Kvinder kunne ikke deltage.

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Kong Fahd dør. Kronprins Abdullah overtager tronen.

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WTO godkender Saudi Arabiens medlemskab efter 12 års dialog.

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363 Hajj pilgrimme dør i et stenkastings ritual i Mekka. Senere kollapser et hostel i byen og slår yderligere 70 pilgrimme ihjel.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2007 – Forbud” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Det religiøse politi får forbud mod at holde mistænkte tilbage.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2008 – Afgrænsning” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Saudi Arabien og Qatar bliver enige om afgrænsningen af deres grænse.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2009 – kvindelig minister” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Kong Abdullah udpeger den første kvindelige minister.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2010 – våbenhandel” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Amerikanerne bekræfter plan om at sælge våben til Saudi Arabien for 60 milliarder USD. Det er den mest lukrative våbenhandel i USA’s historie.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2011 – velfærdsbudget” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Kong Abdullah annoncerer større velfærdsbudget, da det arabiske forår skaber uro i regionen.

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Kong Abdullah annoncerer flere rettigheder til kvinder. Herunder rettigheden til at stemme og stille op til kommunalvalg. Senere bliver en kvinde idømt 10 piskeslag efter at være fundet skyldig i at køre bil. Det var første gang der blev dømt under denne lov. Kong Abdullah vælter dommen og kvinden går ustraffet.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2012 – olympiske lege” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Saudi Arabien giver for første gang kvindelige atleter lov til at deltage i de olympiske lege.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2013 – Shura” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Kong Abdullah indsætter 30 kvinder til den tidligere kun mandlige Shura rådgivende udvalg. Det er første gang kvinder var i stand til at sidde på et politisk kontor.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2014 – ISIS i Syrien.” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Saudi Arabien og fire andre arabiske stater går sammen med USA om luftangreb mod ISIS i Syrien.

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Kong Abdullah dør og Kong Salman overtager tronen.

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Hundredvis af pilgrimme dør i en trampe-ulykke i Mekka ved deres årlige Hajj. Det sker lige efter 109 mennesker mistede livet da en kran væltede ved den Store Moské. Der bliver løftet bekymring om sikkerhedsstandarden ved disse kæmpestore begivenheder.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2015 November – Kommunalvalg” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

For første gang er der kvinder der stiller op til kommunalvalg. 20 bliver valgt.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2016 April – Finansielle ændringer” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Staten godkender en plan for drastiske ændringer. Den saudiarabiske økonomi skal væk fra at være afhængig af olie.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2017 Februar – Kvindelige ledere” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Den saudiarabiske børs og en større bank udnævner kvinder som øverste ledere.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2017 juni – diplomatisk krise” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Saudi Arabien starter en diplomatisk krise ved at lede en blokade sammen med de andre arabiske lande mod Qatar i forsøg på at afskærme deres påståede tilsutninger med terrorisme og Iran.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2017 Juni – Ny tronarving” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Kong Salman udnævner hans søn, Mohammad bin Salman, som tronarving.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2017 September – Nedbrudt forbud” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Forbud mod kvinder må køre bil bliver formelt ophævet.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2018 April – Offentlige biografer ” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Offentlige biografer bliver genindført efter næsten 40 år efter de blev dømt for at være uislamiske.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2018 oktober – Jamal Khashoggi” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Mordet på den emigrerede journalist Jamal Khashoggi på det saudiarabiske konsulat i Istanbul skaber en international ramaskrig.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2019 September – luftangreb af Yemeni Houthi-bevægelsen” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

To store olieraffinaderier, bliver beskadiget ved et luftangreb af Yemeni Houthi-bevægelsen. Saudi-Arabien, USA, Storbritannien, Frankrig og Tyskland beskylder Iran for at stå bag.

[/fusion_content_box][fusion_content_box title=”2019 December – Skyldige” backgroundcolor=”” icon=”” iconflip=”” iconrotate=”” iconspin=”” iconcolor=”” circlecolor=”” circlebordersize=”” circlebordercolor=”” outercirclebordersize=”” outercirclebordercolor=”” image=”” image_id=”” image_max_width=”” link=”” linktext=”” link_target=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]

Fem mennesker bliver dømt til døden mens tre andre får fængselsstraf for mordet på journalisten Jamal Khashoggi. Retssagen blev fordømt af FN.

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